How to Falsify ID
By Steve Reuland
Posted January 21, 2006
I know, I know, it's not really possible. But ID advocates keep claiming it's
possible, so it's important to revisit the issue every now and then. The IDists
claim that since the arguments for ID can be falsified, then ID itself
is falsifiable. But of course this doesn't follow. Having an argument proven
wrong doesn't disprove a hypothesis. And this is especially true when the
arguments themselves (which are simply arguments against evolution) do not
logically support the hypothesis to begin with. Judge Jones noted this in his
ruling in the recent Kitzmiller case in regards to the Irreducible
Complexity argument:
As irreducible complexity is only a negative argument against evolution, it
is refutable and accordingly testable, unlike ID, by showing that there are
intermediate structures with selectable functions that could have evolved into
the allegedly irreducibly complex systems. Importantly, however, the fact that
the negative argument of irreducible complexity is testable does not make
testable the argument for ID.
[...]
We find that such evidence demonstrates that the ID argument is dependent
upon setting a scientifically unreasonable burden of proof for the theory of
evolution. As a further example, the test for ID proposed by both Professors
Behe and Minnich is to grow the bacterial flagellum in the laboratory;
however, no-one inside or outside of the IDM, including those who propose the
test, has conducted it.
Professor Behe conceded that the proposed test could not approximate real
world conditions and even if it could, Professor Minnich admitted that it
would merely be a test of evolution, not design. We therefore find that
Professor Behe's claim for irreducible complexity has been refuted in
peer-reviewed research papers and has been rejected by the scientific
community at large. Additionally, even if irreducible complexity had not been
rejected, it still does not support ID as it is merely a test for evolution,
not design.
(Kitzmiller v. Dover, pp. 76-9, citations
omitted)
Of course that didn't stop the Discovery Institute from responding that Intelligent Design is Empirically Testable and Makes
Predictions. If you read this article, you'll learn that Judge Jones was
horribly, horribly wrong, because irreducible complexity can be
falsified, which therefore means that ID can be falsified! One wonders
if they even bothered to read Jones' decision.
But irreducible complexity isn't the only argument that ID advocates employ.
Another common argument concerns the Cambrian Explosion, which ID advocates
claim shows that all "major types" of animals (by which they mean phyla, a
very broad category) "appeared suddenly" without fossil precursors.
Putting aside the other problems with this argument, a recent post by the esteemed Prof. Steve Steve, in which he
accompanied Ian Musgrave to the South Australian Museum, shows us that chordates
(the phylum to which humans and pandas belong) existed before the Cambrian,
during the Ediacaran, well before the purported "explosion". That spells doom
for the ID advocates' argument.
So does this falsify ID? Let's see what a couple of ID advocates themselves
have said, and let's see whether or not they're willing to exercise a bit of
intellectual consistency.
Several months ago, an op-ed appeared in the Washington Post by one
Jay Mathews, which I promptly
put the smack-down on. Mathews informs us what would falsify ID according to
the Discovery Institute's Associate Director for the Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture,
John West:
The intelligent-design folks say theirs is not a religious doctrine. They
may be lying, and are just softening up the teaching of evolution for an
eventual pro-Genesis assault. But they passed one of my tests. They answered
Gould's favorite question: If you are real scientists, then what evidence
would disprove your hypothesis? [John] West indicated that any discovery of
precursors of the animal body plans that appeared in the Cambrian period 500
million years ago would cast doubt on the thesis that those plans, in defiance
of Darwin, evolved without a universal common ancestor.
As I pointed out back then, this wouldn't falsify ID in the least. But John
West apparently believes it does. So now that we have a pre-Cambrian chordate,
is West going to admit that ID is falsified? Or is he going to say what we knew
all along, which is that just because one of their anti-evolution arguments
falls apart, this doesn't mean that an unidentified magical designer
didn't intervene at some unspecified point in time?
Our second example comes from DI staff member Casey Luskin, in a piece titled
"THE POSITIVE CASE FOR DESIGN". Here is one of his
predictions for design:
(2) Forms containing large amounts of novel information will appear in the
fossil record suddenly and without similar precursors.
And the evidence?
Biological complexity (i.e. new phyla) appear in the fossil record suddenly
and without similar precursors. The Cambrian explosion is the prime
example.
The prediction is therefore said to be CONFIRMED. But if so, wouldn't the
existence of a pre-Cambrian chordate disconfirm the supposed prediction
made by ID, and therefore disconfirm ID itself? Is Luskin going to update this
page and explain to his readers that ID made a false prediction? I won't hold my
breath.
To be fair, most ID advocates are careful not to frame the Cambrian Explosion
argument in these terms -- they usually limit themselves to saying that evolution
can't explain the CE and ID can (as a supernatural cause can explain anything),
and therefore ID is the better explanation. They typically don't say that the CE
is a test for ID itself. But that raises the question of just how one would go
about testing ID. When cobbling together a list, Casey Luskin is forced to use
the CE as an actual test of ID to keep the list from being too short. And when
put on the spot by a clueless reporter, John West pulls the CE from where the
sun don't shine in order to satisfy the falsification criterion. The logic they
employ is identical to that used for the irreducible complexity argument, which
Judge Jones correctly noted is not a test for ID either.
So I am very curious to see how they're going to spin this new evidence. My
guess is that they'll simply ignore it the way they have other pre-Cambrian
fossils that are potential precursors to modern groups, such as the
proto-mollusk Kimbrella, conodonts, and the various arthropod-like fossils. Even if we
granted that evidence could possibly falsify ID, the ID advocates would first
have to pay attention to it.
Discussion
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